Ashgabat: the Capital of Turkmenistan, City of White Marble

Ashgabat, the capital city of Turkmenistan, is a mesmerizing blend of architectural grandeur, cultural richness, and vibrant energy. Situated at the crossroads of Central Asia, Ashgabat showcases a fascinating mix of ancient traditions and modern development.

One of the striking features of Ashgabat is its awe-inspiring architecture. The city is renowned for its impressive marble-clad buildings, which have earned it the nickname "The City of White Marble." Everywhere you turn, you'll be greeted by magnificent structures adorned with intricate designs and sparkling facades. From government buildings and museums to mosques and monuments, the architectural wonders of Ashgabat create a visually stunning landscape.

Beyond its remarkable buildings, Ashgabat is steeped in a rich cultural heritage. The city proudly showcases its Turkmen traditions through various art forms, music, and dance. Traditional crafts such as carpet weaving, pottery, and jewelry-making are deeply ingrained in the local culture, and visitors have the opportunity to witness the skillful artisans at work.

Etymology

The most widely accepted version is that the name of Turkmenistan’s capital comes from the Persian عشق‌آباد (Eshqābād), which means "city of love" or "city of devotion." Before 1991, the name was commonly spelled "Ashkhabad" in English, following the Russian transliteration "Ашхабад". Since 1991, the official name of the city has been changed to Aşgabat in Turkmen.

According to some historians, such as Ovez Gundogdiyev, the name Ashgabat dates back to the Parthian era, around the 3rd century BCE. It refers to Arsaces I of Parthia, the founder of the Parthian Empire, and in the original Persian it sounds as Ashk-Abad, meaning "the city of Ashk" (Arsaces).

After the Bolsheviks came to power, the city was renamed Poltoratsk in 1919 in honor of the local revolutionary Pavel Poltoratskiy, who was one of the organizers of the first Red Guard units in Turkestan. The name was officially used until 1927. Today, one of the city’s streets still bears his name.

History of Ashgabat

Ashgabat has a history spanning more than two thousand years. The oldest settlement within its territory is the Konjikala fortress. It was built during the Parthian era in the 2nd century BC. Archaeological excavations carried out in Ashgabat over the past 80 years have uncovered the remains of at least forty ancient buildings, fortifications, and Parthian-era mansions.

In the 1st century BC, the city was destroyed by a powerful earthquake. However, it was quickly rebuilt and expanded due to its strategic location on one of the busiest routes of the Silk Road. According to some historians, the city’s population may have reached 16,000 at its peak. It continued to flourish until it was destroyed by the Mongols in the 13th century.

A new stage in the city’s history began in 1881, when the territory of Turkmenistan became part of the Russian Empire. The village of the Akhal-Teke tribe that existed on this site was transformed into the administrative center of the Transcaspian region. At that time, the city consisted mainly of clay houses surrounded by fruit orchards. The streets were laid out in straight lines, and most of the buildings were single-story.

In 1881, a post office was opened in Ashgabat, which was transformed into a post and telegraph office in 1889. By 1917, there were three post offices. By 1888, Ashgabat was a district city with many stone houses and wide streets. The city center had a large number of shops offering a wide variety of goods, as well as many restaurants and gardens. At the same time, Ashgabat had a stone railway station, designed by Academician Urlau.

Much of the city was destroyed by the 1948 Ashgabat earthquake but has since been painstakingly rebuilt as part of Saparmurat Niyazov’s “White City” urban renewal project, resulting in monumental structures clad in expensive white marble. The Soviet-era Karakum Canal, which carries water from the Amu Darya from east to west, runs through the city.

Today, as the capital of independent Turkmenistan, Ashgabat retains a multiethnic population, with ethnic Turkmen forming the majority. In 2021, the city celebrated the 140th anniversary of its recorded history.

What to see

Exploring the local markets is a must-do experience in Ashgabat. The bustling bazaars are filled with an array of sights, sounds, and aromas. Here, you can browse through colorful stalls offering everything from traditional textiles and handicrafts to aromatic spices and fresh produce. It's an excellent opportunity to engage with the local community, taste authentic flavors, and discover unique souvenirs.

Ashgabat also offers numerous museums and cultural centers that provide a deeper insight into Turkmenistan's history and heritage. The National Museum of Turkmenistan houses a vast collection of artifacts, ranging from ancient archaeological finds to contemporary artwork. The Turkmen Carpet Museum is another notable attraction, where visitors can admire intricate carpets and learn about their significance in Turkmen culture.

Nature enthusiasts will find plenty to enjoy in Ashgabat as well. The city is surrounded by stunning mountain ranges, offering opportunities for hiking, trekking, and breathtaking vistas. The nearby Kopet Dag Mountains provide a picturesque backdrop, and nature reserves like Köw Ata and Görogly offer tranquil retreats from the urban bustle.

Ashgabat also hosts various events and festivals throughout the year, showcasing Turkmen traditions and celebrating national holidays. These cultural festivities provide an immersive experience and a chance to witness the vibrant spirit of the city.

In summary, Ashgabat is a captivating destination that seamlessly blends ancient traditions with modern aspirations. From its magnificent architecture to its vibrant markets, rich cultural heritage, and natural beauty, Ashgabat offers a unique and enchanting experience for every visitor.